Grafts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: systematic review and meta-analysis / Enxertos para reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: revisão sistemática e metanálise

ABSTRACT Objective: This study proposes to systematically review the literature and compare data on (1) function, (2) pain, (3) return to sport, and (4) complications after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with quadriceps tendon autograft (QT) and hamstring tendon autograft (HT). Methods: In June 2021, a systematic review of the EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and LILACS databases was performed, based on PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy included the keywords: "Previous Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction," "ACL reconstruction," "quadriceps tendon autograft," "quadriceps graft," "Hamstring-Tendon Autografts." Meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software (RevMan Web). Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding function according to Lysholm score (MD 3.01; CI-0.30, 6.33, p = 0.08), the presence of pain (RR 0.89; CI-0.57, 1.39, p = 0.60), and re-rupture (RR 0.60; IC-0.19, 1.88, p = 0.38). Conclusion: QT and HT autografts show comparatively good results in ACL reconstruction without significant differences regarding function, pain, and rupture after surgical intervention. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Review of Level II Studies.

RESUMO Objetivo: Revisar sistematicamente a literatura e comparar dados sobre função, dor, retorno ao esporte e complicação após a reconstrução de ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) com autoenxerto do tendão do quadríceps (TQ) e autoenxerto do tendão dos músculos isquiotibiais (TF). Métodos: Em junho de 2021, foi realizada revisão sistemática das bases de dados EMBASE, MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials e LILACS, baseada nas diretrizes do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A estratégia de pesquisa incluiu as palavras-chave: "Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction", "ACL reconstruction", "quadriceps tendon autograft", "quadriceps graft" e "Hamstring-Tendon Autografts". As metanálises foram realizadas usando o software Review Manager (RevMan Web). Resultados: Não houve diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos com relação à função pelo escore de Lysholm (MD 3,01; IC-0,30, 6,33, p = 0,08), presença de dor (RR 0,89; IC-0,57, 1,39, p = 0,60) e re-ruptura (RR 0,60; IC-0,19, 1,88, p = 0,38). Conclusão: Os autoenxertos de TQ e TF apresentam resultados comparativamente bons na reconstrução do LCA sem diferenças significativas com relação à função, dor e ruptura após a intervenção cirúrgica. Nível de Evidência II, Revisão Sistemática de Estudos de Nível II.

Quadriceps autograft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a literature review / Autoenxerto de quadríceps na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior: uma revisão da literatura / Autoinjerto de cuádriceps en la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior: una revisión de la literatura

ABSTRACT Introduction: Anterior cruciate ligament injury is one of the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries. Therefore, several surgical techniques and graft types have been described for its reconstruction. Autologous hamstring tendon graft is one of the most frequently used, but use of the quadriceps tendon graft has gained prominence in recent years. Objective: To review the literature to compare the outcomes of patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) with quadriceps tendon (QT) autograft versus hamstring tendon (HT) autograft. Methods: A literature review was conducted through PubMed to locate studies (Level of evidence I-III) comparing the outcomes of the QT autograft vs. the HT autograft in patients undergoing primary ACL reconstruction. Patients were assessed on the basis of re-rupture rate, ligament instability, patient-reported outcome scores, previous pain, and isokinetic tests. Results: Six studies were selected according to inclusion criteria. A total of 481 patients were evaluated, 243 in the QT group and 238 in the HT group. The total re-rupture rate was 1.6% (8 of 481), with 6 in the HT group and 2 in the QT group, but with no statistical difference between groups. One study found increased ligament instability in the HT group and another study found greater instability in the QT group, both with statistical significance. Regarding the patient-reported functional scores, only 01 study found statistical difference, with better results in the QT group. There was no difference in previous pain between groups in the selected studies. Regarding the isokinetic test, one study found a difference in flexor force in the HT group (p <0.01), with no difference in extensor force, while another two studies found an increased extensor force deficit in the QT group within up to 01 year of follow-up. The flexor/ extensor muscle strength ratio was higher in the QT group in both studies. Conclusion: ACL reconstruction with QT graft presents re-rupture rates, ligament instability, functional scores and donor site morbidity that are similar to the HT graft, in addition to preserving greater flexor force in proportion to extensor force. Level of evidence: IV; Review study.

RESUMO Introdução: A lesão do ligamento cruzado anterior é uma das lesões musculoesqueléticas mais prevalentes. Sendo assim, diversas técnicas cirúrgicas e tipos de enxerto foram descritos para sua reconstrução. O enxerto autólogo do tendão dos músculos isquiotibiais é um dos mais utilizados, porém o uso do enxerto do tendão do músculo quadríceps ganhou destaque nos últimos anos. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura para comparar os desfechos de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) com autoenxerto do tendão do músculo quadríceps (TQ) versus autoenxerto dos tendões dos músculos isquiotibiais (TF). Métodos: Uma revisão da literatura foi realizada por meio do PubMed para localização dos estudos (Nível de evidência I-III) que comparam os desfechos dos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução primária do LCA com autoenxerto TQ versus autoenxerto TF. Os pacientes foram avaliados com base na taxa de re-ruptura, instabilidade ligamentar, escores de resultados relatados pelo paciente, dor prévia e teste isocinético. Resultados: Seis estudos foram selecionados conforme o critério de inclusão. Um total de 481 pacientes foi avaliado, 243 no grupo TQ e 238 no grupo TF. O índice total de re-ruptura foi de 1,6% (8 de 481), sendo seis no grupo TF e dois no grupo TQ, porém sem diferença estatística entre os grupos. Um estudo encontrou instabilidade ligamentar aumentada no grupo TF e outro estudo verificou uma maior instabilidade no grupo TQ, ambos com significância estatística. Em relação aos escores funcionais relatados pelo paciente, somente um estudo encontrou diferença estatística com melhores resultados no grupo TQ. Não houve diferença quanto à dor prévia entre os grupos nos estudos selecionados. Sobre o teste isocinético, um estudo encontrou diferença na força flexora no grupo TF (p<0,01) sem diferença na força extensora, já outros dois estudos encontraram um déficit de força extensora aumentado no grupo TQ em até um ano de seguimento. A razão da força da musculatura flexora/extensora foi maior no grupo TQ nos dois estudos. Conclusão: A reconstrução do LCA com enxerto TQ apresenta índice de re-ruptura, instabilidade ligamentar, escores funcionais e morbidade do sítio doador semelhantes quando comparada com o enxerto TF, além de preservar uma maior força flexora proporcional à força extensora. Nível evidência: IV; Estudo de revisão.

RESUMEN Introducción: La lesión del ligamento cruzado anterior es una de las lesiones musculoesqueléticas más prevalentes. Siendo así, han sido descritas varias técnicas quirúrgicas y tipos de injerto para su reconstrucción. El injerto autólogo del tendón de los músculos isquiotibiales es uno de los más utilizados, aunque el uso del injerto del tendón del músculo cuádriceps ha cobrado importancia en los últimos años. Objetivo: Revisar la literatura para comparar los desenlaces de pacientes sometidos a la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (RLCA) con autoinjerto del tendón del músculo cuádriceps (TQ) versus autoinjerto de los tendones de los músculos isquiotibiales (TF). Métodos: Una revisión de la literatura fue realizada a través del PubMed para localización de los estudios (Nivel de evidencia I-III) que comparan los desenlaces de los pacientes sometidos a la reconstrucción primaria del LCA con autoinjerto TQ versus autoinjerto TF. Los pacientes fueron evaluados con base en la tasa re-ruptura, inestabilidad de los ligamentos, puntuaciones de resultados relatados por el paciente, dolor previo y test isocinético. Resultados: Seis estudios fueron seleccionados de acuerdo al criterio de inclusión. Se evaluó un total de 481 pacientes, 243 en el grupo TQ y 238 en el grupo TF. El índice total de re-ruptura fue del 1,6% (8 de 481), siendo 6 en el grupo TF y 2 en el grupo TQ, aunque sin diferencia estadística entre los grupos. Un estudio encontró inestabilidad de los ligamentos aumentada en el grupo TF y otro estudio verificó una mayor inestabilidad en el grupo TQ, ambos con significancia estadística. Con relación a los escores funcionales relatados por el paciente, sólo un estudio encontró diferencia estadística, con mejores resultados en el grupo TQ. No hubo diferencia cuanto al dolor previo entre los grupos en los estudios seleccionados. Sobre el test isocinético, un estudio encontró diferencia en la fuerza flexora en el grupo TF (p <0,01) sin diferencia en la fuerza extensora, ya otros dos estudios encontraron un déficit de fuerza extensora aumentado en el grupo TQ en hasta un año de seguimiento. La razón de fuerza de la musculatura flexora/extensora fue mayor en el grupo TQ en los dos estudios. Conclusión: La reconstrucción del LCA con injerto TQ presenta índice de re-ruptura, inestabilidad de los ligamentos, escores funcionales y morbilidad del sitio donante similares cuando comparada con injerto TF, además de preservar una mayor fuerza flexora proporcional a la fuerza extensora. Nivel de evidencia IV; Estudio de revisión.

Ruptura espontánea del semitendinoso secundario al uso de una quinolona / Spontaneous semitendinosus rupture secondary to the use of a quinolone

Resumen La ruptura espontánea de un tendón secundario al uso de una quinolona es un efecto adverso poco común, pero que con el paso de los años se ha venido documentado con mayor frecuencia. A pesar de lo anterior, aún no hay estudios clínicos que permitan aclarar su fisiopatología, qué estrategias pueden disminuir el riesgo de desarrollar una ruptura espontánea o a qué dosis de las diferentes quinolonas se aumenta el riesgo de presentar una ruptura espontánea. Adicionalmente, varías guías de práctica clínica incentivan el uso de las quinolonas como primera línea para el manejo de infecciones respiratorias o de vías urinarias sin hacer consideraciones sobre este efecto adverso. Por lo anterior, presentamos a continuación el caso de un paciente de 31 años que posterior al inicio de ciprofloxacina para el manejo de una diarrea aguda presento una ruptura espontánea del tendón del semitendinoso secundario al uso de la quinolona. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 115-118).

Abstract The spontaneous rupture of a tendon secondary to the use of a quinolone is an uncommon adverse effect, but over the years has been documented more frequently. Despite this, there are still no clini cal studies to clarify its pathophysiology, nor which strategies can reduce the risk of developing a spontaneous rupture or at what dose of the different quinolones the risk of presenting a spontaneous rupture increases. In addition, several clinical practice guidelines encourage the use of quinolones as the first line for the management of respiratory or urinary tract infections without considering this adverse effect. Therefore, the case of a 31 year old patient who after the start of ciprofloxacin for the management of acute diarrhea had spontaneous semitendinosus tendon rupture secondary to the use of quinolone, is presented. (Acta Med Colomb 2019; 44: 115-118).

Bone tunnel enlargement with non-metallic interference screws in acl reconstruction / Alargamento dos túneis ósseos na reconstrução do lca com parafusos de interferência não metálicos

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the widening of bone tunnels between poly-etheretherketone (PEEK), absorbable polylactic acid DL (PLDL) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) interference screws in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: Three groups of patients undergoing ACL reconstruction with at least 1 year of follow-up using the out-in drilling technique and hamstring as a graft were assessed. The patients were divided according to the type of interference screw used (PEEK, PLDL and TCP). Computed tomography (CT) was performed to measure the greatest femoral and tibial tunnel widening regarding to the initial tunnel, and then it was compared between groups. Results: Mean widening in group 1 (PEEK) was 39.56% (SD 16%) in the femoral tunnel and 33.65% (SD 20%) in the tibia. In group 2 (PLDL) mean widening was 48.43% in the femoral tunnel (SD 18%) and 35.24% (SD 13%) in the tibial tunnel. In group 3 (TCP) mean widening was 44.51% in the femur (SD 14%) and 36.83% in the tibia (SD 14%). The comparison between groups (PLDL-PEEK, PLDL-TCP, PEEK-TCP) shows no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Bone tunnel enlargement values after ACL reconstruction with the use of different types of materials (bioinert and biomaterials) of interference screws (PEEK, PLDL and TCP) were similar. Level of Evidence III, Comparative retrospective study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o alargamento dos túneis ósseos entre parafusos de interferência de poli-éter-etil-cetona (PEEK), ácido poli lático (PLDL) absorvível e tricálcio fosfato (TCP) na reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). Métodos: Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes submetidos à reconstrução do LCA com ao menos um ano de acompanhamento, com perfuração de fora para dentro, tendões flexores quádruplos como enxerto, que foram divididos de acordo com o parafuso de interferência utilizado (PEEK, PLDL e TCP). Realizou-se tomografia computadorizada (TC) para aferição do maior alargamento do túnel tibial e femoral em relação ao túnel inicial, e foi comparado o alargamento entre os grupos. Resultados: O alargamento médio no grupo 1 (PEEK) foi 39,56% (DP = 16%) no túnel femoral e 33,65% (DP = 20%) na tíbia. No grupo 2 (PLDL) o alargamento médio do túnel femoral foi 48,43% (DP = 18%) e 35,24% (DP = 13%) na tíbia. No grupo 3 (TCP) 44,51% (DP = 14%) foi o alargamento médio no fêmur e 36.83% (DP = 14%) na tíbia. Na comparação entre os grupos (PLDL-PEEK, PLDL-TCP, PEEK-TCP) não houve diferença estatisticamente significante. Conclusão: O alargamento dos túneis ósseos após a reconstrução do LCA com a utilização de diferentes tipos de materiais (bioinertes e biomateriais) de parafusos de interferência (PEEK, PLDL e TCP) foi semelhante. Nível de Evidencia III, Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

Does age, time since injury and meniscal injury affect short term functional outcomes in arthroscopic single bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>PURPOSE</b>We conducted this study to correlate the short term clinical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with patients' age, time since injury and associated meniscal injury.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 43 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction between October 2013 and February 2015 were taken for the study. Preoperative demographic data, clinical scores (Lysholm, IKDC) were recorded for each patient. Time since injury and associated meniscal injuries were recorded. Then a standardized surgical technique was used for each graft type. They were followed up for 6 months and the Lysholm and IKDC scores were evaluated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Only 33 patients completed 6 months follow-up at the end of this study. Twenty-four patients (72.7%) were in the age group of 18-30 years. Nine patients belonged to age group 30-50 years (27.3%). The p value for differences in Lysholm scores between the two age groups was not significant (0.339). The p value for differences in IKDC scores between the two age groups was not significant either (0.138). The mean Lysholm scores were 93.86 ± 3.024 for the group who presented <6 months post-injury, 92 ± 5.494 for the group who presented between 6 months and 1 year and 94.64 ± 3.104 for the group who presented after 1 year; whereas the mean IKDC scores were 92.43 ± 0.793, 90.64 ± 6.598 and 90.89 ± 2.113 respectively. The correlation of outcomes with meniscal injury had no statistical significance.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on our study, we conclude that age, time since injury and associated meniscal injury does not affect short term functional outcome in ACL reconstruction.</p>

Complete Rupture of the Proximal Hamstring / 대한스포츠의학회지

While a sprain of the hamstring muscle is relatively common in athletes or those who participate in physically active sports, a complete rupture of the proximal hamstring is relatively rare. A rupture of the long head of the biceps femoris without rupture of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles has rarely been reported. In this study, we saw relatively favorable outcomes after reattachment with a suture anchor at the ischial tuberosity in two patients who had a rupture of the long head of the biceps femoris.

Arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament with preservation of the remnants / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To evaluate the technique and outcome of arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) with preservation of the remnents.[Method]From June 2005 to May 2006, 28 knees with ACL tear in 28 patients were verified with arthroscopy in this department.Of them,8 knee were combined with lateral meniscus tear and 6 combined with medial meniscus tear. All the damaged ACLs were reconstructed with single bundle of autogenous quadrupled hamstring tendons under arthroscopy without remove of the remnants of ACL. Bioabsorbable interference screw was used for direct anatomic fixation of the reconstructed ligament.[Result]No severe complication occurred in early stage after operation in the 28 patients.All of them were followed up for 12 to 24 months with an average of 18 months. Lysholm score was remarkablely improved from 46～80 (mean 60.75?9.54) preoperatively to 85～100 (mean 95.89?6.24) at the latest follow up (P

Combined posterior cruciate ligament with posterolateral corner injuries of the knee / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To explore the clinical characteristic of combined posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) with posterolateral corner (PLC) injuries,and evaluate the technique and outcome of arthroscopic single bundle reconstruction of PCL and reconstruction of PLC with posterior half of biceps femoris tendon.[Method]From Dec. 2001 to Dec. 2004,14 patients (14 knees) with severe posterior and posterolateral rotatory instability were treated surgically in our department,all of them presented III degree positive results of posterior drawer test,positive varus stress test and more than 10 degree of external rotation of the affected knees compared with the intact knees.PCL tear and abnormal opening of posterolateral compartment were seen in all of the 14 knees under arthroscopy.Of them,2 knee were combined with common peroneal nerve injury.All the damaged PCLs were reconstructed with single bundle of autogenous quadrupled hamstring tendons under arthroscopy,and PLCs were reconstructed with the posterior half of biceps femoris tendon tenodesis.[Result]No severe complications occurred in early stage after operation in the 14 patients.All of them were followed up from 12 to 33 months with an average of 21.14?7.26 months.Posterior stabilities were recovered significantly,varus stress test was negative at 30 degree of flexion and full extension,less than 10 degree of external rotation compared with the intact knee in all of the patients.Lysholm score was remarkable improved from 40~60 (mean 47.1?8.25) preoperatively to 70~95 ( mean 86.79?7.23) at follow up(P

Arthroscopic Reconstruction of Anterior Cruciate Ligament with Hamstring Tendons and Button-Suture Plate / 中国微创外科杂志

Objective To study the efficacy of arthroscopic reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)with hamstring tendons and button-suture plate.Methods Thirty-two cases of ACL rupture received arthroscopic reconstruction with hamstring tendons and button-suture plate.The Lachman test and Pivot shift test were performed before and after operation to assess the stability of the knee joint.The knee function was evaluated according to Lysholm rating scale.Regular MRI,anterioposterior and lateral films of knee joint,patella axial radiography were conducted before the operation,to exclude the possibility of osteal avulsion at both ends of ACL.Results The 32 cases were followed for 3.5-29 months,in which 25 cases were more than 12 months.The knee stabilities of all cases recovered.The preoperative Lachman test results were positive in 32 cases,and the Pivot shift test results were positive in 28 cases.Lysholm rating score was 51.8?5.6.The postoperative Lachman tests result were negative in 30 cases,and weakly positive in 2 cases.The Pivot test showed negative results in all the cases.The Lysholm rating score was increased to 90.7?2.5 after the operation.Three cases experienced joint effusion and were treated with puncture aspiration.Conclusions The short-term clinical effect of arthroscopic reconstruction of ACL with hamstring tendons and suture plate is favorable.